Bovine viral diarrhoea has for decades regularly been in the headlines as an economically significant disease of cattle. It is aviral disease (i.e. a disease caused by a virus) that appears in different forms. A majority of BVD infections are without symptoms, i.e. their occurrence is not noticed by the farmer, some animals, however suffer from severe diarrhoea, fever, nasal and ocular discharge as well as  erosions at the muzzle. Naturally, milder forms of the disease can also occur. Mucosal disease, which is generally dreaded, is the most severe form and is always lethal. It occurs exclusively in so-called persistently infected animals, i.e. in animals that harbour and shed the virus throughout their lives.
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1.1 History
Two authors first described BVD in 1946. Affected cattle displayed watery bloody diarrhoea, mucous membrane erosions, fever...
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1.2 Economic loss
Economic losses through BVD are high. They depend on a variety of different factors, such as herd structure , the percentage of susceptible (seronegative) animals in the various age groups, the risk of exposure, the magnitude of loss caused by the infection of a susceptible animal...
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2.1 Properties
Pestiviruses have a diameter of 40 - 60 nanometres and are therefore among the smaller viruses. They show an icosahedral capsid structure and are enclosed by an envelope ...
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2.2 Genotypes
The term of "BVD virus" (BVDV) comprises a group of viruses which differ in their nucleotide sequence, antigenic qualities and in their effect on the host cell. There are two genotypes (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2)...
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2.3 Biotypes
While genotypes are different in their genomes, biotypes can be identified on the basis of phenotypic characteristics. BVDV can exhibit two different biotypes: a cytopathic one (cp BVDV) and a non-cytopathic one (ncp BVDV)...
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